The Cheeky Girls: 500 calories a day was all we ate

Their hair is thick and glossy, their arms are more than capable of lifting designer shopping bags, their dresses are a size ten and when the Cheeky Girls pout for the photographer their faces are pretty and rounded. Yet despite her and her twin's own healthy good looks, Monica Irimia is scathing about other famous women.

'Don't believe celebrities who say they are naturally skinny yet look so thin that their bones stick out,' she says firmly. 'They're lying.'

She should know. For she and Gabriela lied too. They lied to their own mother about eating in restaurants and they lied to one another about how much they were eating - common behavioural traits of those suffering from anorexia nervosa, a psychiatric disorder that affects an estimated 250,000 women in the UK.

Cheeky Girls Monica and Gabriela Irimia

Recovery: Cheeky Girls Monica and Gabriela Irimia are now healthy size tens

Not only did the twins' weight drop to less than seven stone - terrifyingly low for women 5ft 6in tall - they took their bodies to the brink of hospitalisation, suffering kidney stones, stomach ulcers and hair loss. Perhaps most worryingly of all, their periods stopped.

Today, Monica is 8½ stone and Gabriela is nearer nine. After the photoshoot, they tuck into chicken sandwiches and chocolate minicakes along with everyone else.

The twins, 26, believe their problems began when they moved to the UK in 2002 from their native Cluj-Napoca in Romania. Their mother, Margit, had divorced their father, Doru, a doctor, and married Ray Semal, a British exhibition contractor. They and the twins settled in Rye, East Sussex.

Growing up in their homeland, they excelled at gymnastics and ballet - while they were teenagers they toured with the Hungarian National Opera as professional dancers.

But despite being in an industry known for its body-consciousness and bullying, the girls enjoyed healthy home-cooked food and never even thought about dieting.

On reaching the UK, the pair decided to pursue a more academic discipline, and studied law. But, nearly a year into a correspondence course, they auditioned for ITV's Popstars: The Rivals and the plans were abandoned.

The cute disco sound of The Cheeky Song had been written by Margit especially for her daughters. It was an instant Christmas hit - in December 2002 it reached No2 in the charts and the twins were signed to a record label.

They should have been euphoric. Yet their meteoric rise led to both succumbing to anorexia, a condition they are now ready to talk about for the first time.

Their reason for doing so is simple - this week, the sisters launch a range of make-up and fragrances for young teenagers and they are all too aware that it is those in this age group who are most at risk from developing an eating disorder.

'We had been quietly studying law but suddenly having a hit record meant we were always touring, recording, going to meetings and making personal appearances. Our lives were out of our control,' says Monica.

'We felt trapped,' agrees Gabriela. 'We always had to do what someone else told us to do. We had few friends here and there was no time to see those we did have. Although we had each other, touring was a lonely existence.'

Then, in 2003, their record company Telstar went bankrupt, owing them £1.3million. The girls became incredibly depressed - and took out their frustrations on their own bodies.

'We'd always loved running, it helped us relax,' says Monica, 'but it became more of a quick fix to make us feel better. We ran for longer periods, maybe an hour instead of 30 minutes, twice a day.'

It was Monica who first developed anorexia nervosa.

Monica, left, and Gabriela Irimia in 2003

Thin line: Monica, left, and Gabriela Irimia appear emaciated in 2003

'I developed an obsession for going into supermarkets to count calories on food packets. I'd stare at the fat, protein and salt content and memorise them.

'The foods I chose were mainly chocolate, cakes and ice cream. I loved pistachio nuts, but when I saw that there were 650 calories in one tiny pack I didn't put even one nut in my mouth for a year-and-a-half.

'I would walk round for an hour then buy two apples and a carrot.'

Gabriela was mystified by her sister's behaviour. 'I thought, "What's she doing?" I'd say, "Why can't you buy something and we can go?" But Monica seemed strangely relaxed when we were at a supermarket.'

She enjoyed looking at tempting foods, knowing they would not pass her lips. 'It gave me power,' she says. 'I loved chocolates, but now I could resist them. It was something I could control.'

What happened next is again typical of anorexics. Monica's portion control became so extreme she lost a dramatic amount of weight very quickly. 'I weighed everything,' she says.

'The cereal I loved contained too much sugar so I switched to All-Bran. I'd weigh out 30g plus 50ml skimmed milk and 50ml of water. I'd eat that and then go to the gym and do two hours on the treadmill. I lost a stone within a month.'

Gabriela began to compare her own body to Monica's. 'I started to see myself as fat, so I copied her. I wanted my stomach to be flat like hers,' she says.

'Mum didn't notice - we were still eating healthy food albeit in tiny portions. In the end, I would feel full with a small amount because my stomach had shrunk. I caught up with Monica quickly.'

By 2004, Monica weighed just 6st 9lb and Gabriela 7st 2lb. Monica's periods stopped in November of that year, Gabriela's three months later. Although the pair did discuss what might happen if they wanted to have children, they were so obsessed that they did not care if starving themselves affected their fertility.

'We knew we had a big problem,' says Monica, 'but although we didn't coerce one another into not eating, we knew we would cover up for the other if necessary.

'Because we were so careful about not letting Mum and our stepfather notice, we got away with eating the bare minimum.'

'I would wake up so hungry that I had stomach pains. I would eat my cereal, do my exercise and feel it was a big achievement to go to bed hungry. I didn't want to sleep though, as I was happy to burn three calories per hour by being awake, if I could.'

Meanwhile, Gabriela had become addicted to laxatives. 'I knew it was a good way to lose weight, so I started on one a day, then, after a while, three. Eighteen months later, I was taking five.'

She put up with constant, excruciating stomach pains in the knowledge that what little she did eat would not stay in her system for long. Performing became a challenge as the laxatives meant she had 'no normal control'.

Cheeky Girls

Weighty issue: The twins are warning teenagers about the dangers of becoming obsessed with being thin (Styling: GILLY TURNEY. Hair and make-up: JULIA BOLINO)

Their stage act demanded that the twins bare their midriffs in tiny hotpants and crop-tops. Noticing that Gabriela's tummy was now even flatter than hers, Monica started taking laxatives before concerts. Both girls were existing on just 500 calories a day.

With their weight plummeting, their libido took a dive, too. Men were no longer of interest and although they had 'always loved to flirt', they could not muster up the energy to socialise.

According to the World Health Organisation, a woman is underweight if her BMI (body mass index) is less than 18.5. Monica's was 15 and her body fat just seven per cent - the norm is between 25 and 30. Gabriela's BMI was 16.4, and her body fat was nine per cent.

Their BMI - calculated using a person's height and weight - would have been lower still, but for the fact that all their exercise had created lean muscle, which is heavier than fat.

Dr Adrienne Key, lead consultant of the eating disorders service for The Priory Hospital, South-West London, explains: 'As soon as one's periods stop because the percentage of body fat is so low, fertility stops.

'This is believed to be because messenger hormones such as cortisol and leptin tell the brain that the body is in danger and the environment is hostile. In turn, the hypothalamus gland in the brain switches off the ovaries so eggs cannot be produced.

'However, once the patient gains weight, the messengers switch the ovaries back on. Anyone who regains a normal weight will recover her fertility.'

The twins also developed a fine down all over their bodies and their skin took on yellowish tinge.

'This hair is called lanugo,' says Dr Key. 'It is a primitive response by the body to insulate itself. Their yellow-tinged skin could have indicated kidney or liver problems or simply general unhealthiness.'

Gabriela developed kidney stones - small solid masses which, although often harmless, can form when there has been damage to the kidneys through chemical imbalances within the body, as caused by anorexia.

She also had a stomach ulcer, which happens when the gastric lining of the stomach is eroded due to an excess amount of hydrochloric acid, and suffered from terrible heartburn. In turn, this led to an addiction to antacids.

'Reflux is commonly known as heartburn,' says Dr Key. 'When there is too much acid in the stomach, this can affect the healthiness of the gut and stomach lining.'

The twins hid their skeletal frames by not wearing anything skimpy and although Margit noticed her daughters were thinner, she had no idea they were lying to her.

Gabriela recalls: 'I would eat a bit and then leave, say, a chicken bone on the plate but manage to get the meat and anything else into a tissue and flush it down the toilet.

'We would often tell Mum that we had been out for lunch when actually we had been power-walking for two hours and eaten nothing.'

As the Cheeky Girls, the twins toured the world but remember nothing about the countries where they performed.

'Our brains were not functioning properly - we always felt dizzy,' says Monica. 'We felt barely alive yet somehow, like machines, got through the touring.'

This lack of brain function, says Dr Key, is due to a lack of glucose - found in carbohydrates - slowing down and even shrinking the brain and causing memory to be poor.

Finally, in the summer of 2006, Margit and Ray realised that the girls were seriously ill.

'We were walking with them when Mum, who was behind, stopped us. Her face was white and she looked very frightened. "Your legs! They are like matchsticks!" she cried out. Then she called our father in Romania,' says Monica.

'We were furious. We felt that if our anorexia was taken away our lives would be stolen. Now Mum kept trying to get us to eat or make us more sociable and take us to restaurants.'

But the girls avoided her suggestions because it would be too difficult to conceal the fact they were disposing of their food. 'Our idea of a good evening was staying in with a Diet Coke,' says Monica.

But then, towards the end of 2006, at the age of 23, Gabriela suddenly changed.

'It was as if something in my brain had been flicked on,' she says. 'We had loads of party invitations and I was fed up with not going out and meeting people and even more fed up of counting calories. I decided to go to a party and thought Monica would come but she refused, saying there would be canapés there.'

But Gabriela was exhausted. She hated photographs of herself not smiling because she was preoccupied with thinking of food and of taking laxatives and antacids. She gave up the laxatives overnight and felt ghastly for two weeks, 'but I knew my body would recover and it did'.

Sure enough, four months after returning to a more normal eating pattern, she had put on a stone and her periods returned. She had the energy to have fun and be sociable again. Inevitably, Monica became jealous.

'Gabriela looked great,' admits Monica. 'She was so happy and lively and now she had male attention - I was getting left behind. She said to me, "Try to be you again, Monica."'

Almost miraculously, that was all it took to convince Monica to resume eating - albeit slowly at first.

'I felt guilty to start off with, but I only had to look at her to know she was right. After four weeks I felt completely different and after a few months my periods returned.

'Once I started thinking rationally again, I felt angry with myself that I had tried to destroy my body in such a cruel way. I had wasted three years being obsessed with food.'

Gabriela prefers not to talk about her relationship with Lembit Opik - which began in December 2006 and lasted about 18 months - but the experience of having a partner who had been anorexic clearly had an impact on the MP, who is now involved in a campaign against 'size zero' models.

'It's true that anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric condition and happens for different reasons, but teenagers, in particular, are so influenced by skinny celebrities and want to copy them,' says Monica.

'We want to get this message across to the young girls the Cheeky Girls Collection is aimed at. We want to let them know we have been down that road and suffered the consequences.

'Once anorexic you always have an awareness of what you are eating but now we can control this so it doesn't control us. We don't want vulnerable young women to make the same mistake that we did.'

• Details of products and nationwide store tour at www.cheekygirlsbeauty.com.


Diet or obsession?

Mary George, spokesperson for B-eat, the leading UK eating disorders charity, says: 'Anorexia nervosa means 'fear of putting on weight'.

It is not unusual to see two sisters with eating disorders. Research has shown that identical twins are more likely to share the condition than non-identical ones. Recent studies show that genetic make-up may predispose some to eating disorders. However, these are psychological illnesses caused by a number of factors. They can continue for years if not treated.

It is common for family members to be unaware for some time that their child has a problem but these are some common signs to look out for:

• Personality changes and mood swings, rigid or obsessive eating habits cutting food into tiny pieces and refusing to eat in front of anyone except close family members.

• Wearing layers of baggy clothing to hide weight loss and to keep warm. Vomiting and/or laxative use - these are signs of anorexia as well as the 'binge-eating' disorder bulimia.

• Excessive exercise, restlessness and hyperactivity.

For more information on eating disorders go to www.b-eat.co.uk.

Ref:

Cocaine death toll up 20% in a year: Fatalities from all illegal drugs at an 8-year high

Snort

Popular: Cocaine abuse is on the rise and deaths as a result of overdoses are also up (file photo)

Deaths from cocaine are up by a fifth in a year, figures show.

The tragic toll lays bare the lie that it is a safe, middle-class 'dinner party' drug.

Some 235 deaths were linked to cocaine last year, up from 196 in 2007. This is the fifth year in a row that the number of victims has risen.

Deaths from all illegal drugs have also hit an eight-year high in England and Wales.

Many of those dying are middle-aged, with the steepest rise among people in their 40s.

With a line of cocaine now often costing less than a glass of wine, there has been a huge increase in the number of users.

About a million Britons are thought to take the drug - up a quarter in a year.

Martin Barnes, chief executive of the charity DrugScope, said: 'Every drug-related death is a tragedy and many could have been avoided. It is extremely concerning that deaths related to illegal drugs are at their highest since 2001.

'The steady rise in deaths linked with cocaine use underlines the drug's harm at a time when use of the drug is again increasing, particularly among 16 to 24-year-olds.

'The fall in the price of the drug and evidence of its increased availability may be reasons for this increase.'

There were 1,738 deaths linked to all illegal drugs in 2008, up 8 per cent.

As well as the ready supply of cheap drugs, experts have blamed celebrity users for making cocaine appear glamorous. Government policy has also come under fire with a UN report naming Britain the cocaine capital of Europe earlier this year.

Norman Lamb, the Liberal Democrat health spokesman, said: 'These are horrifying statistics. The toll of damage from drugs is immense and the cost to the NHS is enormous.

'The Government's punitive policies and heavy-handed rhetoric on drugs are failing.

'Ministers must make sure that schools and public services work together to make sure that the message gets out that drugs kill. Ministers have been very good at talking tough when it comes to drugs, but this isn't working.

'They must urgently rethink their strategy before even more lives are lost.'

In 2004 there were 154 deaths from cocaine abuse, including crack cocaine. The latest Office for National Statistics figures show that this toll has risen by more than 50 per cent in four years. Heroin and morphine account for almost a third of all drug-related deaths.

Mr Barnes said: 'The fastest rise in drug-related deaths is among older users and heroin remains the most commonly linked substance.

'This trend could reflect the fact that the heroin using population is ageing, with fewer younger people using the drug.

'While it is right to focus on drug use among young people, the need is for public health and overdose prevention interventions across all age groups.'

Deaths from the 'liquid Ecstasy' drug GHB doubled from nine to 20 in 2008. Deaths involving antidepressants rose 14 per cent to 381.

A Department of Health spokesman said: 'No death is acceptable and that is why we have significantly increased investment in treatment programmes and support for those who are drug dependent or at risk of self harm.'

Ref: dailymail.co.uk

Obese 'have smaller brains and are more at risk of Alzheimer's'


Brains in the obese had an average of eight per cent less tissue and had aged prematurely by 16 years

Brains in the obese had an average of eight per cent less tissue and had aged prematurely by 16 years

Overweight people have smaller brains and are more at risk of Alzheimer's, according to a study.

Their brains also age faster than those of slim people.

Researchers found that brains in the obese had an average of eight per cent less tissue and had aged prematurely by 16 years, while those in the overweight had 4 per cent less tissue and appeared eight years older.

The study is the first to find a link between weight and brain function.

Researchers compared brain scans of 94 people in their 70s who were obese, overweight or of normal weight. They found that the obese had lost tissue in the frontal and temporal lobes - areas critical for planning and memory.

Declines were also seen in areas used for attention and executive functions, longterm memory and movement. Professor Paul Thompson, a neurologist and one of the researchers, said: 'That's a big loss of tissue and it depletes your cognitive reserves, putting you at much greater risk of Alzheimer's and other diseases that attack the brain.

'But you can greatly reduce your risk for Alzheimer's if you can eat healthily and keep your weight under control.'

The World Health Organisation says there are more than 300million obese people around the world, with a billion more overweight. They are at increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.

Co-researcher Cyrus A. Raji, a medical student at the University of Pittsburgh, said: 'It seems along with increased risk for health problems such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease, obesity is bad for your brain.

'We have linked it to shrinkage of brain areas that are also targeted by Alzheimer's.'

Source: dailymail.co.uk

The Top 7 Health Rules for Young Women

You don’t want anything to put a crimp in your style — so make sure to stay on top of these essentials.

You don't want anything to put a crimp in your style -- so make sure to stay on top of these essentials.

1. Always have safe sex. Unless you know for sure (and we mean really know for sure) that your guy is free of any sexually transmitted diseases, use protection every time. Condoms aren’t foolproof, but they can drastically lower your odds of contracting bacterial STDs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, as well as those transmitted via skin contact like herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV).

2. Be screened regularly for chlamydia and gonorrhea. Caught early, these STDs can be cured quickly with antibiotics. Problem is, they often have no symptoms, and either one can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease — which can cause infertility. So get tested for these at your annual exam (or after any unsafe sex).

3. Get enough folic acid (folate). Even if you’re not ready to have kids, it’s crucial that you take in 400 micrograms of this B vitamin daily because it can prevent birth defects when you do conceive. It’s available in most fortified cereals and bread products, but taking a multivitamin is the surest route.

4. Practice safe sun. Melanoma, the most lethal form of skin cancer, is the second most common cancer for women in their 20s, and other skin-cancer types are rising too. So slather on sunscreen with both UVA and UVB protection and an SPF of 15, and avoid indoor tanning at all costs.

5. Schedule regular Pap tests. This quick, simple test, routinely given at your annual gyno exam, detects cervical changes brought on by the human papillomavirus (HPV), an STD with more than 100 types. A yearly Pap will reveal any suspicious changes, which can be treated before they become cancerous.

6. Keep track of your cholesterol. Heart disease is usually associated with older men, not young women. But all adults over 20 are advised to have their cholesterol checked at least once every five years, since too-high cholesterol is linked to cardiovascular problems.

7. Get a good night’s sleep as often as possible. A sleep deficit doesn’t just leave you tired — research shows that it can make you gain weight, feel stressed and depressed, and lower your immune system. Aim for between seven and eight hours a night.


How To Look Younger: 30 Beauty Moves to Make Before You're 30

Mere mortals can look model-esque, provided they follow a bit of expert advice. Here, 30 beauty moves to make before 30, from MarieClaire.com.

This is not a picture of me. But one thing I've learned, after more than a decade in the business, is that mere mortals can look model-esque, provided they follow a bit of expert advice. Oddly, despite writing hundreds of articles full of such advice, I never followed it myself before turning 30. But then I hit 30 — and, well, it wasn't pretty. That's when I vowed to actually practice what I'd preached. And you know what? It made a difference. So, without further ado, I bring you the 30 beauty moves I wish I'd committed to before 30. Luckily, it's never too late to get back on track, looks-wise.

1. Focus on your eyes when you want to make an impact. They're what people notice first. False lashes, black liner, shimmery shadow, and good brows will take you far, even if you don't wear lipstick and haven't washed your hair in three days.

How to Apply Fake Lashes





2. Avoid cream-to-powder foundation unless you're really oily. If your skin is combination, normal, or dry, the product will suck all the moisture out of it as it evaporates.

3. Sidestep streaks by mixing self-tanner with moisturizer before applying. This dilutes the formula so you don't look stripy.

How to Apply Self-Tanner


4. Blow-dry rather than chemically straighten your hair. Most stylists say they'd rather see you use a blow-dryer every other day (even though you risk heat damage) than apply harsh chemicals to your hair. I learned the hard way.

5. Learn how to blow-dry like an expert. The real reason you can't replicate the way your hair looks after a visit to the salon? Poor blow-drying skills. Ask your stylist to show you exactly what she does, step-by-step. (For example, once I stopped using a round brush on my bangs, I finally got them to lie flat.)

How to Tame Frizzy Hair


6. Keep the razor away from your bikini line. Exfoliating and waxing — and exfoliating some more — is really the only way to avoid bumps.

7. Buy the right tools for the job. I now rely on an eye shadow crease brush (by Bath & Body Works) and an angled blush brush (by T. LeClerc). They make application goof-proof.

8. Seek professional brow help. Brows are like the hair on your head — dramatically better when groomed by an expert.

Step-by-Step Brow Help
9. Keep two fully stocked makeup bags to save your sanity in the a.m. — one for items you use every day (and can apply in the dark), the other for all those crazy impulse buys that you'll only try when you have time for experimenting.

10. Own a fragrance wardrobe. My favorites include Botrytis by Ginestet, Matin Calin by Comptoir Sud Pacifique, Prada and Narciso Rodriquez Musc for Her. Fragrance is the quickest pick-me-up: You just feel confident when you smell good. Why do you need several? For the same reason you have a closetful of clothes — options.

11. Hydrate. Hydrate. Hydrate. Unless you have an excessively oily complexion, you must moisturize. Think of leather: Untreated, it gets lines and creases. And you don't want to look like a worn bag.

12. To look younger, get bangs. Every hairstylist will tell you this. I think it's because we associate bangs with kids (there is not a long wisp to be seen in the park where my 3-year-old daughter plays).

13. Splurge on your haircut. Seek out the best stylist for your type of hair; it may cost more, but if the technical part of your style's no good, no amount of product will fix it.

14. Don't ever line your lips or eyes too severely. Repeat after me: "Blend." (Unless, of course, you're trying to make either look smaller.)

15. Use a curling iron (even in you have naturally curly hair) to get perfect spirals. To do: Wrap (don't clamp) wide sections of hair around the barrel.

16. Pamper your feet. If you're going to indulge in any spa treatment, go for a pedicure. It costs more than a manicure (though much less than a body treatment), but it lasts for weeks and includes a leg massage. Moreover, getting your toenails professionally trimmed can actually prevent ingrowns.

17. Adore Aquaphor! Every dermatologist I've ever met does. Why? This occlusive salve by Eucerin is the antidote to cracked hands and feet. Apply a thick coat at night, cover with socks or gloves, and wake up to perfect skin.

18. Keep it fun. Beauty should never be taken too seriously. Just for kicks, I love using Secret Vanilla Sparkle deodorant (so teenybopper) and Crest Whitening Expressions Lemon Ice toothpaste (lemon meringue in a tube).

19. Make the most of your looks — in moderation. With plastic surgery at an all-time high and face transplants making news, you actually can change anything. But going under the knife can be painful, costly, and noticeable — in a bad way. A better bet: Dabble in less-invasive procedures, like Botox and Restylane. They may be all you need to look refreshed.

20. Wear high heels when you want to look like you've lost five pounds in five seconds.

21. Never apply lipstick out of the tube. To dispense just the right amount, and keep it on longer, pat it into your lips with a finger instead.

22. Cure cellulite with self-tanner! Well, nothing really rids you of cellulite, but self-tanner hides it very well.

23. Go light on foundation. Makeup artist Jemma Kidd taught me to use it only under my eyes and around my nose. Ever since I stopped covering my whole face with it, I've heard that I look everything from "well rested" to "younger."

24. You can never go wrong wearing your hair down. You can, however, look back on photos in which you're sporting a weird updo and wonder, What was I thinking?

25. Stick within a shade or two of the hair hue you were born with when natural (but better) is the effect you're after.

26. Apply facial products with a light touch. An aesthetician once told me that a lot of the skin damage we incur is a result of the way we handle our skin. Which means Mom was right: It's time to stop rubbing your eyes and start treating that face of yours like the precious object it is.

27. Quit cutting your cuticles. I'm still working on this one, but a manicurist I know quit, and she actually has a lot less cuticle now than she did when she was a cutter.

28. Pull, rather than squeeze, your zits. Place fingers on either side of the offending mark and gently pull them away from each other so the clog works its way out. If you push inward, you risk scarring.

29. Get dressed without deodorant stains. Here's the trick: Pull your head through first, then your arms.

30. Pat on, but don't rub in, concealer. Eugenia Weston, creator of Senna cosmetics, showed me how: Apply your concealer from just above the inner corner of your eye down to (and over) your under-eye circles. Then, gently tap the makeup until it melts into your skin for truly effective coverage.

Ref: marieclaire.com

7 steps to instant happiness

Hannah Booth asks experts for their ultimate tips



Be positive

"Positivity makes you more attractive and resilient, with lower blood pressure, less pain, fewer colds, better sleep. Increase the number of positive emotions in your day, however fleeting. One can lead to another and so on, until we're in an upward spiral of positivity. Take a moment to find the good in a situation. Don't over-generalise ('I can never hold down a relationship'), jump to conclusions ('I'll never finish this job') or ruminate endlessly. Any healthy distraction – a run, a swim – that lifts your mood is good."

Barbara Fredrickson is Kenan distinguished professor of psychology, University of North Carolina.

Be brave

"Studies show people regret not having done things much more than they regret things they did. Why? We can rationalise an excess of courage more easily than an excess of cowardice, because we can console ourselves by thinking of the things we learned from the experience. We hedge our bets when we should blunder forward. In fact, large-scale assaults on our happiness – a lost job or failed marriage – trigger our psychological defences (and hence promote our happiness) more than smaller annoyances. The paradoxical consequence is that it is sometimes easier to achieve a positive view of a very bad experience than a bad one. And yet we rarely choose action over inaction. Knowing we overestimate the impact of almost every life event makes me a bit braver and more relaxed because I know what I'm worrying about probably won't matter as much as I think it will."

Daniel Gilbert is professor of psychology, Harvard University.

Meditate

"Meditation helps us better manage our reactions to stress and recover more quickly from disturbing events. This is key to happiness. One study took people in high-stress jobs and taught them meditation for eight weeks: they felt happier after and even remembered why they liked their work. Before, they were too stressed to see it. Beginners can benefit from meditation, but it takes practice to see real benefits. I recently spent an evening with Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche, the Tibetan lama dubbed 'the happiest man in the world'. How did he get that way? Practice. Observing his behaviour, I noticed he recovered quickly from upsets and this is one way science measures a happy temperament. If you start to get upset, let go of the negative thought, deal with the problem – and then let go of that."

Daniel Goleman is a psychologist and author, based in Massachusetts.

Be kind to yourself

"The way we relate to ourselves – kindly or critically – has a major influence on our wellbeing, contentment and ability to cope with setbacks. If you're feeling self-critical, stop, take a few breaths, slow down and try to think of the ideal qualities you might have, such as kindness, warmth, gentleness. It doesn't matter whether or not you actually have these qualities – like an actor taking on a part, feel yourself become them. In a journal, make a note of what happens to your self-criticism when you do this. Then turn your attention to what you're about to do."

Paul Gilbert is professor of clinical psychology, University of Derby.

Use your pessimism

"Defensive pessimists expect the worst and expend lots of energy mentally rehearsing how things might go wrong. But by doing this, they can improve the odds of achieving their goals. It's a useful skill for everyone to learn. Imagine what might go wrong in a situation by focusing on specifics. If you're terrified of public speaking, try to articulate whether you're afraid of fumbling with your notes or tripping on your way to the podium. Then imagine what happens next: if you drop your notes, will someone laugh? By doing this you shift the attention from feelings to facts, so you can plan effectively to avoid (or at least deal with) negative outcomes if they occur."

Julie Norem is Margaret Hamm professor of psychology, Wellesley College, Massachusetts.

Find a calling

"Work less, earn less, accumulate less and 'consume' more family time, holidays and other enjoyable activities. Pursue goals but remember, it's the journey, not the end result, that counts. If your work is not a calling, can you reframe it to see it as more than just a pay cheque? If not, try to find a noble purpose outside work – religion, teaching, political campaigning. Find activities that fully engage your attention and you're good at: singing in a choir, painting, driving fast on a curvy country road. This is known as 'flow'. Happiness is not a shallow state of feeling chipper all the time, or something you can achieve directly. We need love, work and a connection to something larger. Get these conditions right, then wait."

Jonathan Haidt is professor of psychology, University of Virginia.

Act happy

"My research compares happy and unhappy people, and underpinning this is the 40% solution: the degree of happiness it is within our power to change, through how we act and think. I've identified 12 happiness-enhancing activities – things happy people do naturally. They may sound corny, but they're scientifically proven. You don't have to do them all – decide which fit you best. One, express gratitude. Two, cultivate optimism: visualise a future in which everything has turned out the way you want it, then write it down. Three, avoid obsessing over things or paying too much attention to what others are doing. Four, practise acts of kindness – more than you're used to. Five, make time for friends; be supportive and loyal. Six, develop coping strategies: write down your feelings when you're feeling upset and try to see that traumatic events often make us stronger. Seven, learn to forgive. Eight, immerse yourself in activities and be open to new ones. Nine, savour life's joys – linger over a pastry rather than mindlessly consuming it. Ten, work towards meaningful goals. Eleven, practise religion and spirituality. And finally, exercise. You won't see the results from these activities right away: like anything important, you have to work at it."

Sonja Lyubomirsky is professor of psychology, University of California.

Additional interviews by Charlotte Northedge, Becky Barnicoat, Kiki Loizou and Abhinav Ramnarayan.

• What makes you happy?

Suncream may be linked to Alzheimer’s disease, say experts



Suncream stops millions of people each year from burning their skin, but scientists are now looking for a link between suncream and Alzheimer’s disease

The frightening possibility of Alzheimer’s disease being induced by suncream is being investigated by academics.

Millions of British holidaymakers use block to protect their skin from the sun every year.

Now the University of Ulster says two of its experts have been awarded £350,000 by the European Union to explore the possible links between the suncream and the brain disease.

They are leading a groundbreaking three-year research project into whether human engineered nanoparticles, such as those found in sunscreen, can induce neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

It follows a 2003 study by British doctors that found some leading brands of sunscreen lotions failed to stop the sun’s damaging rays penetrating the skin.

They recommended staying out of the sun or covering up when outside as the best way to protect against skin cancer.

Professor Vyvyan Howard, a pathologist and toxicologist, and Dr Christian Holster, an expert in Alzheimer’s, are conducting the latest research as part of a worldwide project called NeuroNano.

The University of Ulster experts will be specifically looking at nanoparticles present in chemicals found in sunscreens and an additive in some diesel fuels - titanium dioxide and cerium oxide - and their connection to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Professor Howard said: ‘There is now firm evidence that some engineered nanoparticles entering intravenously or via lungs can reach the brains of small animals.

‘Indeed they lodge in almost all parts of the brain and there are no efficient clearance mechanisms to remove them once there.’

The University of Ulster’s Professor Vyvyan Howard (left) and Dr Christian Holscher, who are leading the groundbreaking research

There were also suggestions that nanoscale particles arising from urban pollution had reached the brains of animals and children living in Mexico City, he said.

‘It has recently been discovered that nanoparticles can have highly significant impacts on the rate of misfolding of key proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

‘The brain itself is a very special organ. It cannot repair by replacing nerve cells, the ones you get at birth have to last all your life, which makes them peculiarly vulnerable to long term low dose toxicity.’

The brain had built up some protective mechanisms but a major worry was that nanoparticles seemed to be able to circumvent them, he said.

‘All this adds up to a new field of investigation. This research programme is deeply challenging and entails the gathering of entirely new knowledge in a field - neuronanotoxicology.

‘It requires the marshalling of unique expertise, methodologies, techniques and materials, many themselves completely new and never before brought together in the required combination,’” said the professor.

Latest figures show neurodegenerative diseases currently affect over 1.6 per cent of the European population, with dramatically rising incidence likely in part to the increase of the average age of the population.

‘There is also some epidemiological evidence that Parkinson’s disease is connected to environmental pollutants and it is often noted that, historically, reports of Parkinson’s symptoms only began to appear after widespread industrialisation.

‘The risk that engineered nanoparticles could introduce unforeseen hazards to human health is now also a matter of growing concern in many regulatory bodies, governments and industry,’ said the professor.

Ref: dailymail.co.uk

Super fruit? Kiwis are being prescribed to cut blood pressure

Kiwis are being prescribed to cut blood pressure



Three kiwi fruit a day are being prescribed to patients with high blood pressure.

Men and women with slightly raised levels are being given the fruit in a two-month clinical trial at the University of Oslo in Norway.

It follows a small trial that showed a link between eating the fruit and lower blood pressure.
Kiwis are rich in the antioxidant lutein and potassium

Super fruit? Kiwis are rich in the antioxidant lutein and potassium

Kiwis are rich in an antioxidant called lutein, which, it is thought, might help fight disease.

They also contain potassium, known to play a part in regulating blood pressure.

'Cruel fat taunts drove me to lose SEVEN stone', reveals student crowned young slimmer of the year

When most of her fellow students were out socialising and enjoying university life, at nearly 18 stone Leanne Needham was so overweight she had to skip classes because she could not fit into the seats in the lecture theatre.

But now the 21-year-old, who was bullied at school, has been crowned young slimmer of the year after losing seven stone.

Leanne, from Sheffield, who was classed as morbidly obese by doctors, went from a size 22 to size 10 in the space of two years.

Young slimmer of the year Leanne Needham

Young Slimmer of the Year: Leanne Needham, who now weighs 10st 7lbs, poses with a picture of her 17st 10lbs self

Miss Needham, who graduated with a first class degree in psychology from Sheffield Hallam University and is now hoping to become a teacher, went from 17st 10lbs when she started Slimming World classes in June 2007 to her current weight of 10st 7lbs.

'By the age of 17 I weighed more than my age - and more than my dad,' she said. 'I'd been bullied since the age of 10 because of my size - a classmate once told me it was time I went to a 'fat club'.

'I couldn't fit comfortably into the seats at uni so I began to skip lectures and my grades began to suffer. When my doctor said that losing weight could help me overcome these problems I knew I had to make a change.'

She lost the weight through a combination of exercise and eating a diet of predominantly fruit and vegetables, pasta, rice, potatoes, Quorn, pulses and eggs.

In December, she completed a 22-mile charity swim at a pool in Sheffield over a four week period.

Young slimmer Leanne Needham

Humiliating: Leanne was encouraged to drop from a dress size 22 to size 10 after feeling embarrassed about her weight

Young slimmer Leanne Needham

Perfect 10: Since losing the weight the 21-year-old has much more confidence and loves socialising

She said her weight loss had changed her life and presented her with new opportunities.

'When you are overweight and your confidence is low, you are easily knocked,' she said. 'At the same time, people can be quite insensitive. Once, when getting into the inflatable ring to ride the slide at a water park, the lifeguard told me to go behind my boyfriend as the heaviest had to go at the back. I was so humiliated I wanted to be sick. I ran off crying and refused to go on any other rides.

'Now, though, I'm really outgoing and love socialising. My friendships have improved, people say I'm like a new person.'

Miss Needham was unveiled as Slimming World's Young Slimmer of the Year 2009 at a press conference at The Ritz hotel in London.

Her mother, Eileen, 45, a librarian, said she was proud of her daughter's achievement.

'It was when the doctor told her that she was morbidly obese that she realised that she had to change her life,' said Mrs Needham.

The student was supported by her father Ian, 47, a builder, her sister Rachael, 20, and boyfriend of five years Scott Staples, 21, in losing the weight.

'Losing weight has given me a whole new perspective,' she said. 'I'm happier, healthier and I'm working towards a dream career.'

Miss Needham received a £2,000 cash prize and a personal DVD player after being crowned with the title, open to 15 to 21-year-olds.

She will be presented with a trophy at an awards ceremony in November.

'It's a great story of the changes she has made to her life,' said a Slimming World spokeswoman.

'She feels much better within herself and looks great.'

Ref: dailymail.co.uk

Why a broken heart really does hurt: Scientists find social rejection is physically painful

Scientists may have discovered the real reason why Sandy was so hurt when Danny snubbed her after their summer of loving - her broken heart may have been genuinely painful.

Researchers have found a genetic link between physical pain and social rejection, which means the good-girl character in Grease may have found breaking up with her holiday romance truly excruciating.

Psychologists at the University of California studied the gene responsible for regulating the body's most potent painkillers, known as mu-opioids.

sandy and danny in Grease

Painful: Scientists have identified that the gene responsible for regulating the body's painkillers is also involved in sensitivity to unpleasant social experiences

They found that people with a rare variation of the mu-opoid receptor gene, OPRM1, were more sensitive to rejection and experience more brain evidence of distress than those with the more common form.

Study co-author Prof Naomi Eisenberger said: 'Individuals with the rare form of the pain gene, who were shown in previous work to be more sensitive to physical pain, also reported higher levels of rejection sensitivity and showed greater activity in social pain-related regions of the brain when they were excluded.'

Researchers collected saliva samples from 122 participants to assess which form of the OPRM1 pain gene they had and then measured sensitivity to rejection in two ways.

First, participants completed a survey that measured their own sensitivity to rejection. They were asked how much they agreed or disagreed with statements such as: 'I am very sensitive to any signs that a person might not want to talk to me.'

Then the emotions of 31 people among the group were tested when they were excluded during a virtual ball-tossing computer game. Those with the rare variation of the gene felt more distress when they were left out of the game compared to the others.

Co-author Baldwin Way said: 'These findings suggest that the feeling of being given the cold shoulder by a romantic interest or not being picked for a schoolyard game of basketball may arise from the same circuits.'

This is the first time that it has been proved that genes involved in physical pain are linked to mentally-painful times like social rejection and breaking up with a lover.

Prof Eisenberger said this overlap in the neurobiology of physical and social pain makes perfect sense.

'Because social connection is so important, feeling literally hurt by not having social connections may be an adaptive way to make sure we keep them,' she said.

'Over the course of evolution, the social attachment system, which ensures social connection, may have actually borrowed some of the mechanisms of the pain system to maintain social connections.'

The research is published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Ref: dailymail.co.uk

A real woman in ... Victoria Beckham's dress

Short and shoulders look: The dress suits Victoria Beckham's elfin figure

Short and shoulders look: The dress suits Victoria Beckham's elfin figure

When we spotted Victoria Beckham at LAX airport sporting the new 'short and shoulders' look last week, we loved her look.

The cute dress suited her elfin figure, while the gold-flecked thread added some glamour without being too 'bling'.

As a designer, Mrs Beckham gets our vote - and this dress, like most outfits she's seen out in these days, is part of her new DVB fashion collection.

Given that the 'sharp shoulder' (fashion speak for shoulder pads and other detailing) is set to be a key shape this winter, we road-tested the dress on a real woman.

On our tester, the shoulders were actually less pronounced - probably because most women eat three meals a day, so don't have pointy shoulders.

The length and proportion of the dress left our model looking like a giant in a child's outfit, proving that anyone with normal thighs would struggle to carry off the look.

The sharp shoulder made her look chunky, too.

The solution? A little more length and a capped sleeve make all the difference, creating a longer line and a more balanced shape.

Meanwhile, the puckered shoulder is a more wearable nod to this season's Dynasty shoulder craze.

Binge drinking and obesity have caused a surge in cases of liver cancer, say experts

Binge drinking and obesity have fuelled an alarming rise in cases of liver cancer, experts have warned.

In 2006, 3,108 cancers started in the liver - almost four times the figure of 30 years earlier when there were just 865 cases.

Although it is relatively common for cancers to spread to the liver, few tumours started there until recently.

Experts say the rise of the once rare cancer is being fuelled by cut-price alcohol, unhealthy foods and viral infections that damage the liver.

And they warn that many more cases will be diagnosed in the years to come.

'Cheap booze' advertisement

Health risk: Experts have warned that binge drinking has fuelled an alarming increase in the number of cases of liver cancer

Matt Seymour, Cancer Research UK's professor of gastrointestinal cancer medicine at the University of Leeds, said that liver cirrhosis, or scarring, caused by unhealthy living, raised the risk of cancer.

'Three main risk factors for liver cirrhosis - alcohol, obesity and hepatitis C infection - are getting more common in the UK,' he said.

'So we are seeing more patients with cirrhosis and, in turn, more patients with primary liver cancer.

'This is likely to continue.

'There is a long delay between exposure to the risk factors and the onset of cancer.

'It might take between 20 and 40 years for liver cancer to develop after infection with hepatitis C.

'So even if new cases of infection stopped, the number of cases of cancer would continue to rise for some years.'

Hepatitis C is mainly spread among drug users sharing infected needles.

Imogen Shillito, of the British Liver Trust, said: 'These alarming figures on the increasing incidence of liver cancer are stark evidence of the epidemic of liver damage caused by alcohol, obesity and viral hepatitis.

Obese man

Epidemic: Obesity is also blamed as a key cause of liver damage

'At the moment, we're losing too many opportunities to diagnose and treat people's underlying liver disease at an early stage, which could prevent liver cancer developing and save lives.'

Don Shenker, of Alcohol Concern, called for tighter restrictions on the sale of alcohol.

He said: 'We're facing a public health crisis in terms of alcohol-related cancers and other health conditions because of cheap, easily available alcohol and a lack of health information to go with it.

'The UK needs to follow the evidence base for ending cut-price alcohol to drive our consumption down and reduce the rate of cancers and other diseases.

'The government can't hope to do that unless it's willing to get tough on the availability of low cost alcohol.'

Dr Lesley Walker, Cancer Research UK's director of cancer information, said: 'While this increase is a concern, it is important for people to understand how their risk of liver cancer can be reduced by changes to lifestyle.

'Cutting down on alcohol and watching your weight will help to reduce the risk of a wide range of cancers including primary liver cancer.

'Taking plenty of exercise and eating a balanced diet high in fibre, fruit and vegetables and low in fatty foods, red and processed meat can all help towards keeping a healthy weight.'

Ref: dailymail.co.uk

How a romantic candle-lit dinner can give you cancer

They can add a hint of romance to a meal or make taking a bath a real luxury.

But scented candles can be bad for your health, say scientists.

The smoke produced by many of them is laced with toxins linked to cancer, asthma and eczema.

The odd candle is unlikely to do any harm, but we should avoid using them day after day in bathrooms and other poorly ventilated rooms, say the researchers.

Woman bathing by candlelight

Warning: Using scented candles in poorly ventilated rooms such as bathrooms can increase exposure to cancer-causing toxins


The U.S. researchers burnt a range of candles in the laboratory and collected and tested the substances given off. This showed that those made of paraffin wax, the most common type, released potentially harmful amounts of chemicals such as toluene and benzene.

Some of the pollutants have been linked to cancer, while others could trigger asthma attacks or skin complaints, the American Chemical Society's annual conference heard.

Most of those on sale in Britain, including many scented ones, are made of paraffin wax, a byproduct of the petroleum industry.

Beeswax and soy candles, which are more expensive, were given a clean bill of health in the tests.

Researcher Dr Amid Hamidi, of South Carolina State University: 'An occasional paraffin candle and its emissions will not likely affect you.

'But lighting many paraffin candles every day for years or lighting them frequently in an unventilated bathroom around a tub, for example, may cause problems.'

Dr Noemi Eiser, of the British Lung Foundation, echoed the advice. She said: 'We would like to reassure people that occasional use of paraffin candles should not pose any risk to their lung health.

'However we would advise people to take sensible precautions when burning candles, such as opening a window to keep the room ventilated to minimise the amount of emissions breathed in.'

But Dr Joanna Owens, of Cancer Research UK, said: 'There is no direct evidence that everyday use of candles can affect our risk of developing cancer.'

She said it more important to focus on the risk factors that there was hard evidence for, such as smoking, alcohol, obesity, unhealthy diets, inactivity and heavy sun exposure.

The British Candlemakers' Federation said an authoritative study two years ago concluded that candles, including those made of paraffin wax, did not pose a health risk.

Ref: dailymail.co.uk

Tests Begin on Drugs That May Slow Aging


It may be the ultimate free lunch — how to reap all the advantages of a calorically restricted diet, including freedom from disease and an extended healthy life span, without eating one fewer calorie. Just take a drug that tricks the body into thinking it’s on such a diet.

It sounds too good to be true, and maybe it is. Yet such drugs are now in clinical trials. Even if they should fail, as most candidate drugs do, their development represents a new optimism among research biologists that aging is not immutable, that the body has resources that can be mobilized into resisting disease and averting the adversities of old age.

This optimism, however, is not fully shared. Evolutionary biologists, the experts on the theory of aging, have strong reasons to suppose that human life span cannot be altered in any quick and easy way. But they have been confounded by experiments with small laboratory animals, like roundworms, fruit flies and mice. In all these species, the change of single genes has brought noticeable increases in life span.

With theorists’ and their gloomy predictions cast in the shade, at least for the time being, experimental biologists are pushing confidently into the tangle of linkages that evolution has woven among food intake, fertility and life span. “My rule of thumb is to ignore the evolutionary biologists — they’re constantly telling you what you can’t think,” Gary Ruvkun of the Massachusetts General Hospital remarked this June after making an unusual discovery about longevity.

Excitement among researchers on aging has picked up in the last few years with the apparent convergence of two lines of inquiry: single gene changes and the diet known as caloric restriction.

In caloric restriction, mice are kept on a diet that is healthy but has 30 percent fewer calories than a normal diet. The mice live 30 or 40 percent longer than usual with the only evident penalty being that they are less fertile.

People find it almost impossible to maintain such a diet, so this recipe for longevity remained a scientific curiosity for many decades. Then came the discovery of the single gene changes, many of which are involved in the body’s regulation of growth, energy metabolism and reproduction. The single gene changes thus seem to be pointing to the same biochemical pathways through which caloric restriction extends life span.

If biologists could only identify these pathways, it might be possible to develop drugs that would trigger them. Such drugs could in principle have far-reaching effects. Mice on caloric restriction seem protected from degenerative disease, which may be why they live longer. A single drug that protected against some or all the degenerative diseases of aging would enable people to enjoy more healthy years, a great benefit in itself, even if it did not extend life span.

The leading candidates for such a role are drugs called sirtuin activators, which may well be mimicking caloric restriction, in whole or in part. The chief such drug is resveratrol, a minor ingredient of grapes and red wine. Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, of Cambridge, Mass., is now conducting clinical trials of resveratrol, in a special formulation, and of small-molecule drugs that also activate sirtuin but can be given in much lower doses. The resveratrol formulation and one of the small chemicals have passed safety tests and are now being tested against diabetes and other diseases. The Food and Drug Administration does not approve drugs to delay aging, because aging in its view is not a disease.

The sirtuin activators have a strong scientific pedigree. They emerged as the surprising outcome of a quest begun in 1991 by Leonard P. Guarente of M.I.T. to look for genes that might prolong life span in yeast, a single-cell organism. Working with David A. Sinclair, now at Harvard Medical School, he discovered such a gene, one called sir-2. People and mice turned out to have equivalent genes, called sirt genes, that produce proteins called sirtuins.

Dr. Guarente then found that the sirtuins can detect the energy reserves in a cell and are activated when reserves are low, just what would be needed for a protein that mediates the effects of caloric restriction. Dr. Sinclair and colleagues screened a number of chemicals for their ability to activate sirtuin, and resveratrol landed at the top of the list. The chemical was already known as the suspected cause of the French paradox, the fact that the French eat a high fat diet without penalty to their longevity.

The two researchers and their colleagues thus argued that caloric restriction works by activating sirtuins, and so drugs that activate sirtuins should offer the same health benefits.

In 2004 Dr. Sinclair co-founded Sirtris with Christoph Westphal, a scientific entrepreneur. Helped by growing interest in the sirtuin story, Dr. Westphal was able to sell the company last year to GlaxoSmithKline for $720 million.

Dr. Sinclair says that “the results from the Sirtris compounds are promising and will be submitted for publication in coming months.”

But despite the high promise and strong scientific foundation of the sirtuin approach, it has yet to be proved that Sirtris’s drugs will work. The first of many questions is that of whether caloric restriction applies at all to people.

Two experts on aging, Jan Vijg of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Judith Campisi of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, argued recently in Nature that the whole phenomenon of caloric restriction may be a misleading result unwittingly produced in laboratory mice. The mice are selected for quick breeding and fed on rich diets. A low-calorie diet could be much closer to the diet that mice are adapted to in the wild, and therefore it could extend life simply because it is much healthier for them.

“Life extension in model organisms may be an artifact to some extent,” they wrote. To the extent caloric restriction works at all, it may have a bigger impact in short-lived organisms that do not have to worry about cancer than in humans. Thus the hope of mimicking caloric restriction with drugs “may be an illusion,” they write.

To decide whether life extension by caloric restriction is an artifact of mice in captivity, why not try it on wild mice? Just such an experiment has been done by Steven N. Austad of the University of Texas Health Science Center. Dr. Austad reported that caloric restriction did not extend the average life span of wild mice, suggesting the diet’s benefits are indeed an artifact of mice in captivity. But others interpret his results differently. Richard A. Miller of the University of Michigan, says the maximum life span of the wild mice was extended, and so the experiment was a success for caloric restriction.

Laboratory mice are very inbred, and researchers can get different results depending on the breed they use. To put the mouse data on a firmer footing, the National Institute on Aging has set up a program to test substances in three labs simultaneously. Its first round of candidate agents for reversing aging include green tea extract and two doses of resveratrol.

The resveratrol tests are still under way, but last month the results with another substance, the antifungal drug rapamycin, were published. Rapamycin was found to extend mice’s lives significantly even though by accident the mice were already the equivalent of 60 years old when the experiment started.

Rapamycin has nothing to do with caloric restriction, so far as is known, but the study provided striking proof that a chemical can extend life span.

Another result, directly related to the caloric restriction approach, emerged last month from a long-awaited study of rhesus monkeys kept on such a diet. The research was led by Richard Weindruch of the University of Wisconsin. As fellow primates, the monkeys are the best possible guide to whether the mouse results will apply in people. And the answer they gave was ambiguous.

The monkeys who had spent 20 years on caloric restriction were in better health than their normally fed counterparts, and suffered less diabetes, cancer and heart disease, apparently confirming that caloric restriction holds off the degenerative diseases of aging in primates as well as rodents.

But as for life span, the diet extended life significantly only if the researchers excluded deaths that were apparently unrelated to aging, such as under the anesthesia necessary to take blood samples. When all deaths were counted, life span was not significantly extended.

Some researchers think it is perfectly valid to ignore such deaths. Others note that in mouse studies one just counts the numbers of dead mice without asking what they died of, and the same procedure should be followed with monkeys, since one cannot be sure if a death under anesthesia might have been age related.

With the rapamycin and rhesus monkey results, Dr. Sinclair said, “We have more weight on the side of people who think it’s going to be possible.” He stressed the ability of both caloric restriction and sirtuin-activating drugs to postpone the many diseases of aging, at least in mice. To have one drug that postponed many degenerative diseases in people would be a significant advance, he said, even without any increase in longevity.

People may live so long already that no drug could make much of a difference. Probably because of reductions in infant mortality and other types of disease, human life expectancy in developed countries has been on a remarkable, unbroken upward trend for the last 160 years. Female life expectancy at birth rose from 45 years in 1840 to 85 years in 2000.

An important difference among experts on aging is whether there is an intrinsic rate of aging. Supposing there were cures for all diseases, what would one die of, if one died at all? Dr. Vijg and Dr. Campisi believe there is a steady buildup of damage to DNA and to proteins like the collagen and elastin fibers that knit the body together. Damage to DNA means that the regulation of genes gets less precise, and this regulatory drift disrupts the stem cells that repair each tissue. Even if all disease could be treated, it is not clear that anything could overcome intrinsic aging.

Dr. Miller, on the other hand, believes no clear distinction can be made between disease and other frailties of aging. “Anything a doctor can charge for we call disease, but wrinkled skin, white hair or not feeling good in the morning, these we don’t call disease,” he said.

He thinks that the idea of intrinsic aging is not well defined and that contrary to the theories of the evolutionary biologists, there may be simple ways to intervene in the aging process.

In the view of evolutionary biologists, the life span of each species is adapted to the nature of its environment. Mice live at most a year in the wild because owls, cats and freezing to death are such frequent hazards. Mice with genes that allow longer life can rarely be favored by natural selection. Rather, the mice that leave the most progeny are those that devote resources to breeding at as early an age as possible.

According to this theory, if mice had wings and could escape their usual predators, natural selection ought to favor longer life. And indeed the maximum life span of bats is 3.5 times greater than flightless mammals of the same size, according to research by Gerald S. Wilkinson of the University of Maryland.

In this view, cells are so robust that they do not limit life span. Instead the problem, especially for longer-lived species, is to keep them under control lest they cause cancer. Cells have not blocked the evolution of extremely long life spans, like that of the bristlecone pine, which lives 5,000 years, or certain deep sea corals, whose age has been found to exceed 4,000 years.

Some species seem to be imperishable. A tiny freshwater animal known as a hydra can regenerate itself from almost any part of its body, apparently because it makes no distinction between its germ cells and its ordinary body cells. In people the germ cells, the egg and sperm, do not age; babies are born equally young, whatever the age of their parents. The genesis of aging was the division of labor in the first multicellular animals between the germ cells and the body cells.

That division put the role of maintaining the species on the germ cells and left the body cells free to become specialized, like neurons or skin cells. But in doing so the body cells made themselves disposable. The reason we die, in the view of Thomas Kirkwood, an expert on the theory of aging, is that constant effort is required to keep the body cells going. “This, in the long run, is unwarranted — in terms of natural selection, there are more important things to do,” he writes.

All that seems clear about life span is that it is not fixed. And if it is not fixed, there may indeed be ways to extend it.

Ref: nytimes.com

Flu fighters battle pandemic online

The world is gripped by a flu pandemic and it's up to you to stop it -- that is, if you choose to play a new game developed by a Dutch medical center and available online for free.

The Great Flu (www.thegreatflu.com) allows players to choose their viral adversary, pick the part of the world it spreads in and then control how to manage the outbreak given a limited amount of funds and medications.

The game was developed by the Erasmus University Medical Center, in Rotterdam, and launched in April, the same month the H1N1 swine flu virus emerged.

The World Health Organization declared H1N1 a full pandemic in June and it has now spread to some 180 countries, causing at least 1,462 laboratory-confirmed deaths.

Earlier this year, another, humorous online game based on the virus, called Swinefighter (www.swinefighter.com), also allowed players to beat the spread of H1N1.

Ref: reuters.com

Where's your headache at?

How to find out if your throbbing head is a hangover or something more serious




Headaches cost the British economy around £1.5bn a year. Photograph: Nick Veasy/Getty Images

We all know what it's like to have a headache. They can turn the best of occasions into a form of torture. Four out of five people get tension headaches. One in seven experience migraines. Headaches cost the economy around £1.5bn a year through lost work days. Trouble is, while some causes of headaches are obvious – such as when you've had too many glasses of wine the night before – others are more tricky to call. And how can you tell what's serious and what isn't? A good starting point is knowing what type of headache you have.
Tension headache

Tension headaches tend to feel like a pressure or tightness around the head. They can last for only half an hour or up to a week. This is the most common type of headache and most people will have had one. Tension headaches can be stress-related or due to problems with the muscles in the neck and face, but there is often no obvious cause. Most people who get tension headaches don't get them very often but around 3% of the population get them regularly, on average every other day. Ibuprofen or paracetamol are usually effective, and exercise helps too. For regular headaches preventative treatment with amitriptyline is available. Although better known as an antidepressant, amitriptyline doesn't prevent headaches by making you happier, although why exactly it does work is still not known.
Migraine

Migraine causes recurrent headaches on one side of the head that last for more than four hours. It is common to feel sick and sitting in a dark room often helps. A quarter to a third of migraine sufferers get an "aura" before the headache begins. This is not a supernatural glow around the body, but unusual sensations such as pins and needles, seeing bright lights, or feeling distant from people around you.

A recent survey found that a third of people who work with a migraine sufferer are suspicious that migraine is used as an excuse for days off work. Perhaps we should be more sympathetic: the World Health Organisation has ranked a day with severe migraine as disabling as a day with quadriplegia, psychosis or dementia. It is not a psychological illness: "Migraine is very clearly a brain disorder," says Dr Paul Shanahan, consultant neurologist at the Headache Group, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in London. "There are changes in activity of certain brain regions which occur during an acute migraine attack that give rise not just to pain, but a wide variety of symptoms. It's not 'just a headache', and it's certainly not psychological."

The mechanism underlying a migraine has been the subject of much debate over the years. Researchers used to think that the aura was caused by blood vessels in the brain narrowing. Then the vessels widen, which was thought to cause the headache. However, more recent research shows that blood flow changes may be a consequence of unusual brain activity rather than the initial cause of the migraine. During an aura, a wave of electrical activity travels slowly (at only a few millimetres per minute) across the surface of the brain. This can trigger a variety of symptoms including visual disturbance, pins and needles, speech difficulties and limb weakness. The way the brain processes sensations becomes disordered so that movement, lights, sounds and even smells become harder to tolerate.

Avoiding triggers can be useful so keeping a headache diary can help. However, only 20% of migraine sufferers have a dietary trigger. The British Association for the Study of Headache (Bash) guidelines warn that "too much effort in seeking triggers causes introspection and may be counter-productive." If migraine can't be relieved by over-the-counter painkillers such as ibuprofen, triptans can help. Triptans can abort migraine attacks by mimicking the effect of the neurotransmitter serotonin at nerve receptors.
Cluster headache

Cluster headaches cause severe throbbing pain on one side of the face around the eye. Each headache lasts for up to four hours and is often accompanied by a red eye, tears and a runny nose.

The pain can be unbearable. "Cluster headaches have been described as the most severe form of pain a human can experience," says Shanahan. "Occasionally patients can be driven to suicide by the severity and relentlessness of the pain, hence their description as 'suicide headaches'."

The name derives from their tendency to occur in clusters, often occurring at the same times every day. "These cycles can run for weeks, months or even years, and point to the brain's 'body clock' as having a role in the condition," says Shanahan.

Oxygen therapy (breathing pure oxygen through a mask for 20 minutes or more) is one of the best treatments for cluster headache and is available on prescription. However, not enough people are getting this, or other effective treatments such as sumatriptan injections, according to Shanahan. "These treatments for cluster headache are under-utilised, and, frustratingly, we see patients who are undertreated while having excruciating daily pain."
Hangover

The exact cause of a hangover headache isn't known but there are plenty of likely culprits: alcohol causes blood vessels in the brain to widen and can alter the effects of serotonin on nerve endings – both of which occur in migraine. Alcohol also causes dehydration, a common trigger of migraine attacks. Fortunately the pain usually goes after some paracetamol and a good night's sleep but some may have migraine without realising it, according to Shanahan. "People who get headaches when thirsty may well have migraine, as do many people who get bad hangovers after fairly modest amounts of alcohol. Alcohol is often a very potent trigger for cluster headache, as well."
Medication overuse headache

Paradoxically, all painkillers can cause a headache if taken regularly over a long period of time. Medication overuse headache is difficult to tell apart from the original headache so it can be very difficult to diagnose. Anyone who takes codeine or triptan-based drugs for more than 10 days a month or other over-the-counter remedies such as paracetamol or ibuprofen for 15 days a month is at risk.

The only treatment is to stop taking the painkillers. The headache often gets worse initially, and improvement may only be seen between a week and a month later.
Brain tumour

Fewer than 4% of brain tumours present with a headache. Tumours cause the pressure within the skull to rise, which causes a morning headache and vomiting that gradually gets worse. Brain scans are only necessary when these or other features of a tumour such as weight loss, seizures or personality change are present.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage

A sudden severe headache, usually at the back of the head, may be caused by a bleed inside the brain called a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Many people with this say it's like being hit with a baseball bat. It is commonly caused by the rupture of an aneurysm at the base of the brain and needs urgent investigation and treatment.
Temporal arteritis

Headaches in people over 50 can be due to temporal arteritis. It often feels different to previous headaches and can be accompanied by a tender scalp or pain when chewing.

Temporal arteritis is caused by inflammation of the artery in the temple (hence "temporal") and can be treated with steroids. It is important to diagnose early as it can lead to blindness if untreated.
Meningitis

A headache with a high temperature, neck stiffness and/or a new rash may be due to meningitis. This needs hospital treatment as soon as possible.

Ref: guardian.co.uk

Do models really live on 'coffee, vodka, cigarettes and champagne'?

According to Kate Moss, yes – but it's a diet that will make your skin look like hell


The model's dietitian – Kate Moss. Photograph: Anthony Devlin/PA

I recently read that the "model diet" consists of "coffee, vodka, cigarettes and champagne". Is this true?

L Butler, London

According to the magazines that have reported that this is what Kate Moss told her dear friend Lily Allen, yes, and, as I've always said, if you can't trust a celebrity magazine, you can't trust anything.

But even leaving that aside, is this really what models eat? Well, probably. Most of them. Some of the time. Models are thin. Most will be genetically predisposed to this body type but, even then, most of them have to struggle with the increasingly ridiculous standards of what constitutes as acceptably thin in the eyes of Karl Lagerfeld. But hey, guess what? If you don't eat, you die. And even if you don't eat for a short time, you won't have any energy, not even to walk up and down a catwalk. And most importantly of all, if you follow that model diet, your skin is going to look like hell. Seriously – like hell. There may even be spots of flame jumping up and down between your ravaged, oil-deprived creases when you have one fag too many, and no amount of Botox can disguise that.

That great philosopher of our time Jerry Hall once wisely said that, at a certain point, a woman needs to choose between her face and her ass. (Just for clarity, Jerry is, of course, American so she was referring to her bottom as opposed to her donkey. Just making sure everyone is on board here.) This means, you can either not eat very much and have a shrivelled face and a bony bottom. Or you can eat more and have a fuller face and a pleasingly rounded bottom. It's a tricky choice, I'll give you that. And I'll leave you with one final thought: no one ever lay on their deathbed and thought, "Damn, what a waste of a life. If only I'd been a size zero." Believe.

I recently saw a watch advert featuring Zara-flipping-Phillips. Are you kidding me?!

James, Manchester

No, James, I am not. Zara Phillips is the perfect embodiment of "competitive spirit meet[ing] grace and beauty" that this watch-whose-name-we-shall-not-mention (WWNWSNM) represents. She is a modern woman and modern women need to know what time it is in order to be super modern and – and – and . . .

I'm sorry, I can't keep this up any more. I tried, Your Maj, I honestly tried. If that axe must fall on my neck now, then fall it must. Zara Phillips is indeed advertising a daft watch. Now, as royals go, Zara is not bad. She does, for example, do things, even if those things are horse jumping but, hey, she's a royal, I don't think many people expected her to grow up and find a cure for cancer. In fact, I'm not disgusted with the WWNWSNM for asking her to be in their advert; I'm disgusted with her for accepting.

You know, I can understand appearing in an advert if, say, you are a struggling actor and you are down to a mere £27 in your bank account and the landlord is threatening to throw you out of your flat and your agent is no longer answering your calls and you just found out that you are pregnant. Then, fair enough, put on your brightest smile and pose for that Specsavers poster.

If, however, you are a multimillionaire actor or member of the royal family, then no. No, no, no and a thousand times no. Advertising is about lying. And it is about selling lies to your fellow human beings. I accept it as a necessary part of most businesses – newspapers, come to think of it – but anyone who appears in them, lounging in an armchair and sipping on some crappy coffee (oh, McNulty, what would Bunk say?) when they are not on the breadline, or even in the same universe as the breadline, then these people need to take a very long and hard look at their pathetic little lives.

One of the interesting upshots to celebrities taking over the fashion world – like lots and lots of shorter-than-you-think Godzillas taking over Tokyo – is seeing which celebrities are just celebrities, and which ones are the real attention-seeking, money-grabbing lame-os. You may or may not be surprised to know that Sienna Miller, for example, advertises various fashion labels. Endless men who either have been or would like to be James Bond advertise watches. These people all have gabajillions of pounds in the bank. Did they really need that extra £300,000 to pose like a prat with a watch? You can get depressed about this, or you can see it as a wheat-from-chaff exercise and know who you should push forward to the precipice when the apocalypse approaches •

Ref: guardian.co.uk

Popcorn and cereals – the new superfoods?

Scientists discover surprisingly high levels of health-boosting antioxidants in 'junk' food



Popcorn contains high levels of antioxidants, according to a study by US chemical experts.


Popcorn and breakfast cereals, frequently derided as junk food, may contain "surprisingly large" servings of healthy antioxidants, according to chemical researchers.

Any nutritional value of snack foods was previously thought to rest on their high fibre content – a virtue regularly trumpeted by manufacturers on food packaging.

But a study presented today to the American Chemical Society (ACS) suggests the benefit of grain-based foods lies in the significant presence of antioxidants known as polyphenols.

Antioxidants are thought to protect cells from damage and mop up free radical molecules, which may lead to illnesses such as cancer and heart disease. Although the beneficial role of antioxidants has, in the past, been questioned by other medical research teams, the latest report will provide comfort for popcorn-munching couch potatoes.

"Early researchers thought the fibre was the active ingredient for these benefits in whole grains, the reason why they may reduce the risk of cancer and coronary heart disease," Dr Joe Vinson, a chemist at the University of Scranton in Pennsylvania, who led the study, told the ACS.

"But recently, polyphenols emerged as potentially more important. Breakfast cereals, pasta, crackers, and salty snacks constitute more than 66% of whole-grain intake in the US diet. This is the first study to examine total phenol antioxidants in breakfast cereals and snacks."

Polyphenols are one of the main reasons why fruits and vegetables, chocolate, wine, coffee and tea are thought to lower the risk of heart disease, cancer and other diseases.

Cold whole-grain cereals have significantly more antioxidants than processed grain foods, the study found. Among the salty snacks examined by the team, popcorn contained the most antioxidants.

Ref: guardian.co.uk

Hamming it up

The World Cancer Research Fund's warnings against processed meat are hard for a ham fan to swallow



Large amounts of Iberian ham: a bad idea? Photograph: Karen Robinson


If you want to know the depth of my passion for jamon iberico, that incomparable Spanish ham, ask me who was the last person I pestered for an autograph. It wasn't a movie star, pop personality or even a celebrity chef. Such people hold little excitement for me. It was Felix Jose Martinez, known throughout Spain as 'el cortador de jamon', and recognised as one of the greatest exponents of the fine art of ham cutting.

At his restaurant, La Jamoneria in Zaragoza, I watched him carve small, thin slices of the ruby-coloured flesh from a leg attached to a stand, making sure it came with a thick band of fat flavoured with the acorns on which the pigs feed. He was a maestro just as skilled as any musician, and in Spain he is just as revered. I will freely admit that I giggled like a 12-year-old girl when I had my picture taken with him.

One taste tells you why. Jamon iberico de bellota is, in my opinion, the finest item of food anywhere on the planet. The leg is taken from a free-range black Iberian pig and matured for almost five years before it reaches your plate. It has a taste like no other food and lingers on the tongue like a fine wine. The fat is particularly prized, and the release of flavour as it melts in the mouth is one of the greatest eating moments anyone will ever experience.

Curing pork is not just popular in Spain, of course. People throughout Europe are proud of their swine-based products. Italian cuisine without salami, or the equally glorious prosciutto di San Daniele, would be unthinkable. French dining tables would be considered undressed without jambon de Bayonne and I certainly would not want to be the one to tell the Germans, Scandinavians or the inhabitants of eastern Europe that their menu was to be oink-free.

According to the World Cancer Research Fund, however, that is exactly what we should be doing. New advice from the charity warns parents that the presence of hams, salami and bacon in their child's lunch box could help develop bad habits, which could lead to problems in later life.

According to their research, more than 70g of processed meat (that's a measly three rashers of bacon to you and me, folks) a week could be a major contributor to the onset of bowel cancer in adults. They recommend that these items are replaced at school dinner time by 'poultry, fish, low-fat cheese or hummus' so that the next generation don't develop a ham habit.

It might be easy to dismiss the research, given that three rashers of bacon barely equates to a sandwich. It also doesn't help the cause that the other main strand of advice in the research is that parents should 'avoid lunch box fillers that are high in fat and calories and regularly including sugary drinks' which prompts an exclamation of the words 'pope', 'woods', 'bear' and 'Catholic', though not necessarily in that order.

It does raise the question, however, of whether we should impose our adult lifestyle choices on the next generation. Knowing what we do about alcohol and tobacco, we wouldn't slip a pack of 10 Benson & Hedges or a can of Carling in their Tupperware. So, given the recommendations, should we be taking the same precautions with processed meat?

I don't have kids and, being old enough to make my own decisions, will probably be eating more than 70g of jamon iberico within thirty seconds of finishing this piece. It will be worth the risk. But what about those of you with children? Will this advice compel you to take ham off the menu?

Ref: guardian.co.uk

Positive Thinking Quotes and Saying